Surface roughness indicates the condition of processed surfaces. Surface conditions are determined by visual appearance and tactile feel. Consider the following examples:
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The difference in both appearance and texture are derived from the topographical variation, or irregularities, on the surface of the object. It is an increasingly important characteristic to track and quantify for quality assurance purposes.
These irregularities are what determines the roughness of a surface. Surface roughness is a numerical scale of the surface condition that does not depend on visual or tactile sensation. By taking several measurements of the surface, such as the peak heights and the valley depths, individual surface roughness values (such as Sa, Sq, and Sz) and their relationships can be determined and a quantitative definition for a surface quality can be produced.
Facial irregularities on components and materials are either created intentionally or produced by various factors including the vibration of cutting tools, the bite of the edge used, or the physical properties of the material. Irregularities have diverse sizes and shapes and overlap in numerous layers; the concavities/convexities affect the quality and functionality of the object's surface.
Consequently, the irregularity impacts the performance of the resulting product. In the case of assembly components, the surface feature affects the characteristics of the final product, including friction, durability, operating noise, energy consumption, and air tightness. The surface features also influence the product&#;s quality, such as a paper product&#;s ability to hold ink/pigment or varnish.
The size and configuration of features have a significant influence on the quality and functionality of processed surfaces and the performance of the final products. Consequently, measuring surface roughness is important to meet high performance standards for end products.
Measuring the surface roughness of components and industrial products and the qualitative management of the resulting data are increasing with the evolution of nanotechnology and the higher performance demands and smaller size of electronic devices. Conventional stylus roughness gauges are designed to acquire height information through mechanical contact with the surface finish being measured. These devices can broadly measure surface height, features, and the superficial condition of the surface finish.
However, the ever-increasing improvements to manufacturing processes have resulted in a growing number of soft samples, such as films, and surface features that are smaller than the tip of the stylus probe. These material advancements have led to the demand for noncontact and nondestructive measurement techniques, from linear measurement to precise area measurement.
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To meet these nano-level surface roughness measurement demands, laser microscopes have been developed as surface roughness measuring instruments capable of providing an accurate, noncontact 3D surface roughness measurement of the surface features of a sample under ambient conditions.
Primary profile curve: the profile curve obtained by applying a low-pass filter with a cutoff value of λs to the primary profile measured.
Roughness profile: the profile curve derived from the primary profile by suppressing the longest wavelength components using a high-pass filter with a cutoff value of λc.
Waviness profile: the profile curve obtained by sequential application of profile filters with cutoff values of λf and λc to the primary profile.
Sampling length: the length in the direction of the measured axis used for the determination of profile characteristics.
Evaluation length: the length in the direction of the measured axis used for assessing the profile under evaluation.
Conceptual drawing of the profile method
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