Optical prisms are solid glass optics that are ground and polished to geometrically and optically distinct shapes. Angle, position and number of optical planes help define type and function. One of the most recognized uses of optical prisms, demonstrated by Sir Isaac Newton, involves dispersing a beam of white light source into the colour of its components. Devices utilizing this application are refractometers and spectral elements. Since this initial discovery, optical prisms have been used in systems to "refract" light, "fold" the system into a smaller space, change the orientation of the image (also known as handedness or parity), and combine or split light beams part of the reflective surface. These uses are common in the use of telescopes, magnifiers, surveying instruments and many other applications.
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A distinguishing feature of optical prisms is their ability to act as a flat mirror system to simulate light reflection in a prismatic medium. Replacing mirror assemblies is probably the most useful prism application because they both refract or fold light and alter image alignment. To achieve a single prism-like effect, multiple mirrors are often used. Therefore, replacing several mirrors with one optical prism reduces potential calibration errors, improves accuracy and reduces system size and complexity.
Ordinary triangular optical prisms can split white light into its constituent colors, called the spectrum. Each color or wavelength that makes up white light is bent or refracted, but by different amounts. In optics, an optical prism is a piece of glass or other transparent material cut at the exact angle and plane that can be used to analyze and reflect light. Shorter wavelengths (those towards the violet end of the spectrum) bend the most, while longer wavelengths (those towards the red end of the spectrum) bend the least. Such optical prisms are used in certain beam splitters, instruments that analyze light, and to determine the identity and structure of materials that emit or absorb light.
Optical prisms are transparent objects surrounded by two intersecting but non-parallel planes that are used to separate light rays or disperse light beams. Optical prisms are made of transparent materials. It is widely used in optical instruments, and prisms can be divided into several types according to their properties and uses. For example, in a spectrometer, the "dispersive prism" that decomposes the composite light into a spectrum is more commonly used as an equilateral prism; in periscopes, binoculars and other instruments, the direction of the light is changed to adjust its imaging position. "Reflecting prisms" generally use right-angle prisms. Ecoptik offers different types of optics, optical prisms for sale, such as roof prisms, pyramids, quadrature prisms and pentaprisms.
A grism is a compound optical element composed of a GRating and prISM(s). It is a dispersive element that permits an in-line optical layout by cleverly exploiting the differences between gratings and prisms. The prism deflects violet light more than red, while a diffraction grating deflects red more than violet. By combining the two, light can be separated into its components while canceling out the beam deviations caused by each element. Light is dispersed, but the impact to overall direction of beam travel is minimized, reducing impact on the optics of your system.
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At Wasatch Photonics, we design and manufacture custom VPH grating-based grisms to serve a variety of research needs, which we will describe below. Based on your application, we can select and control the groove density and prism(s) used to create the desired dispersion and output angle(s) for your wavelength(s) of interest.
A grism may be designed with one or two prisms such that light at a chosen central wavelength passes straight through. This property can transform a camera into an imaging spectrograph, and is widely used in astronomical telescopes to produce high resolution, spectrally selective images. It may also be integrated into a typical spectrometer layout to avoid turning of the beam, or for spectrally encoded confocal microscopy (SECM). These use cases often employ a prism on both the input and output surfaces to maintain alignment to an optical axis while still achieving dispersion from the grating for spectral selection or imaging.
A grism gives the optical designer more control over the input and output geometries of the dispersive optical element in their imaging system. We can combine this geometric leveraging with our ability to manufacture non-Littrow or non-symmetric gratings or prism configurations that differ in angle from input to output, and to avoid ghosting.
In some uses of VPH gratings, the high line frequency or center wavelength required for an application limits the ability to get light into or out of a plano grating element, due to total internal reflection (TIR). The addition of a prism can improve the ability of light to enter or exit the grating volume, opening up design options.
In some uses of VPH gratings demanding high dispersion, it is possible to take advantage of &#;in-glass&#; design criteria so as to optimize efficiency for either unpolarized light or a single polarization of light.
It is possible to utilize a prism with a grating to help correct for the &#;smile&#; observed in certain hyperspectral imaging designs. This helps in turn to improve both resolution and throughput.
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