Today, Category 5e (Cat 5e) copper cable is the type of cable used in most network installations. Fiber optic cable is often perceived to be more expensive and a bit of overkill. Yet the balance may be shifting from copper to fiber as applications and devices demand more and more bandwidth.
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Cost aside, fiber has many advantages over copper. Cat 5e cable can transmit at only up to 1 Gbps over 300 feet, while fiber optic cable can transmit at up to 10 Gbps over 12 miles. Copper cable is also heavier and bulkier, susceptible to electromagnetic interference, and vulnerable to tapping. And it has a shorter lifespan.
FTTO is a decentralized network architecture. It offers several advantages over installations that use copper cable for intermediate distribution throughout a building. Micro switches are designed primarily for FTTO.
In an FTTO architecture, one central network closet houses the core switches of the network. Fiber optic cable runs throughout the building, all the way to micro switches installed in the locations where endpoints need wired connectivity.
Endpoints such as wireless access points, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, and Internet of Things (IoT) devices can be connected to a micro switch with short copper cabling.
There are even desktop micro switches that include USB-C ports to provide power for laptops, phones, or video conferencing stations.
Using Ethernet micro switches in an FTTO architecture offers several advantages over traditional deployments, including:
Using FTTO with micro switches can help organizations save on costs in addition to upgrading their network infrastructure.
The most prominent way FTTO networks can save on costs is by eliminating intermediate distribution frames (IDFs) on each floor or division of a building or campus. Fiber optic cable can run all the way from the network core to the endpoints. This saves money on distribution hardware and on the space needed for climate-controlled network closets on every floor.
It also can cost less to install fiber optic cabling than copper, since fewer cables are needed than for copper. Finally, fiber means more reliability, which can save time on issue resolution.
A miniature snap-action switch, also trademarked and frequently known as a micro switch or microswitch, is an electric switch that is actuated by very little physical force, through the use of a tipping-point mechanism, sometimes called an "over-center" mechanism.
The defining feature of micro switches is that a relatively small movement at the actuator button produces a relatively large movement at the electrical contacts, which occurs at high speed (regardless of the speed of actuation). Switching happens reliably at specific and repeatable positions of the actuator, which is not necessarily true of other mechanisms. Most successful designs also exhibit hysteresis, meaning that a small reversal of the actuator is insufficient to reverse the contacts; there must be a significant movement in the opposite direction. Both of these characteristics help to achieve a clean and reliable interruption to the switched circuit.
They are very common due to their low cost but high durability, greater than 1 million cycles, and up to 10 million cycles for heavy-duty models. This durability is a natural consequence of the design.
History
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The first micro switch was invented by Phillip Kenneth McGall in in Freeport, Illinois, patent 1,960,020. McGall was an employee of the Burgess Battery Company at the time. In W.B. Schulte,[1] McGall's employer, started the company MICRO SWITCH. The company and the Micro Switch trademark has been owned by Honeywell Sensing and Control since .[2] The name has become a generic trademark for any snap-action switch. Companies other than Honeywell now manufacture miniature snap-action switches.
Construction and operation
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The internals of a micro switch. Contacts, from left to right, are common, normally open, and normally closed.In one type of microswitch,[3] internally there are two conductive springs. A long flat spring is hinged at one end of the switch (the left, in the photograph) and has electrical contacts on the other. A small curved spring, preloaded (i.e., compressed during assembly) so it attempts to extend itself (at the top, just right of center in the photo), is connected between the flat spring near the contacts and a fulcrum near the midpoint of the flat spring. An actuator nub presses on the flat spring near its hinge point.
Because the flat spring is anchored and strong in tension the curved spring cannot move it to the right. The curved spring presses, or pulls, the flat spring upward, that is away, from the anchor point. Owing to the geometry, the upward force is proportional to the displacement which decreases as the flat spring moves downward. (Actually, the force is proportional to the sine of the angle, which is approximately proportional to the angle for small angles.)
As the actuator depresses it flexes the flat spring while the curved spring keeps the electrical contacts touching. When the flat spring is flexed enough it will provide sufficient force to compress the curved spring and the contacts will begin to move.
As the flat spring moves downward the upward force of the curved spring reduces causing the motion to accelerate even in the absence of further movement of the actuator until the flat spring impacts the normally-open contact. Even though the flat spring unflexes as it moves downward, the switch is designed so the net effect is acceleration. This "over-center" action produces a very distinctive clicking sound and a very crisp feel.
In the actuated position the curved spring provides some upward force. If the actuator is released this will move the flat spring upward. As the flat spring moves, the force from the curved spring increases. This results in acceleration until the normally-closed contacts are hit. Just as in the downward direction, the switch is designed so that the curved spring is strong enough to move the contacts, even if the flat spring must flex, because the actuator does not move during the changeover.
Applications
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Microswitches have two main areas of application:
Common applications of micro switches include the door interlock on a microwave oven, leveling and safety switches in elevators, vending machines, arcade buttons, and to detect paper jams or other faults in photocopiers. Microswitches are commonly used in tamper switches on gate valves on fire sprinkler systems and other water pipe systems, where it is necessary to know if a valve has been opened or shut.
Micro switches are very widely used; among their applications are appliances, machinery, industrial controls, vehicles, convertible tops, and many other places for control of electrical circuits. They are usually rated to carry current in control circuits only, although some switches can be directly used to control small motors, solenoids, lamps, or other devices. Special low-force versions can sense coins in vending machines, or with a vane attached, airflow. Microswitches may be directly operated by a mechanism, or maybe packaged as part of a pressure, flow, or temperature switch, operated by a sensing mechanism such as a Bourdon tube. In these latter applications, the repeatability of the actuator position when switching happens is essential for long-term accuracy. A motor-driven cam (usually relatively slow-speed) and one or more micro switches form a timer mechanism. The snap-switch mechanism can be enclosed in a metal housing including actuating levers, plungers, or rollers, forming a limit switch useful for control of machine tools or electrically-driven machinery.
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